Climate change and global warming are major challenges facing the world today. One of the main contributors to rising carbon emissions is the transportation sector, which relies heavily on fossil fuels. In many countries, including Indonesia, vehicle emissions significantly contribute to air pollution and carbon footprints. According to data, the transportation sector accounts for up to 44% of total carbon emissions in Jakarta, making it a leading cause of declining urban air quality.
Challenges in the Adoption of Electric Vehicles
As a solution to reduce the environmental impact of fossil fuel-based transportation, electric vehicles are being developed and promoted globally. Electric vehicles offer a more environmentally friendly alternative as they do not produce direct emissions while operating. Research suggests that transitioning from fossil fuel-powered vehicles to electric vehicles can reduce carbon emissions by up to 50%, depending on the energy sources used for electricity generation.
Despite the significant benefits of electric vehicles in mitigating climate change, their implementation and adoption still face several challenges, particularly in charging infrastructure and relatively high vehicle prices. Therefore, effective strategies are needed to increase the use of electric vehicles so they can contribute more significantly to reducing global carbon emissions.
Eco-Friendly Electric Vehicle and Government Policies
Electric vehicles are considered the most promising alternative for creating a more environmentally friendly transportation system. In the global effort to reduce carbon emissions, the Paris Agreement encourages countries worldwide to take concrete steps in cutting greenhouse gases. Indonesia recognizes that the transition from fossil fuel-powered vehicles to electric vehicles is an inevitable change.
As a strategic move, the government has implemented various policies and regulations to accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles. One such regulation is Presidential Regulation No. 55 of 2019 on the Acceleration of the Battery Electric Vehicle Program for Road Transportation. Additionally, based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis, electric vehicles have been proven to produce approximately 29% lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to fuel-powered vehicles, making them a more environmentally friendly solution for the future of transportation.
The development of electric vehicles in Indonesia is not only aimed at increasing sales but also plays a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions and improving air quality, particularly in major cities like Jakarta. By reducing reliance on fossil fuels, electric vehicles help lower pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, the government needs to invest in supporting infrastructure, such as charging stations and incentives to encourage people to switch to eco-friendly vehicles.
Social and Economic Impacts of Electric Vehicles
Beyond technical and economic aspects, the transition to zero carbon emissions must also consider social and environmental impacts. The shift to electric vehicles should be conducted inclusively, taking into account accessibility for low-income communities, the impact on the workforce, and a fair distribution of energy resources. In-depth research is needed to ensure the long-term effectiveness of electric vehicles and to develop sustainable energy transition strategies.
Currently, at least 18 electric car brands are being marketed in Indonesia, both locally produced and imported. This trend is expected to continue growing as regulations and incentives become more defined. However, despite its promising prospects, there are still several challenges to overcome, particularly the limited charging infrastructure. Although some Public Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (SPKLU) have been established in major cities, their numbers are still insufficient to support widespread electric vehicle adoption.
The government and private sector are expected to accelerate the development of this infrastructure. Without an adequate charging network, the transition to electric vehicles will be difficult for the public. Therefore, ensuring the availability of these facilities should be a priority in the coming years.
Additionally, public awareness of the environmental benefits of electric vehicles still needs to be improved. While the government has launched various campaigns and educational programs, changing public mindset and habits takes time for electric vehicles to gain broader acceptance.
Electric Vehicles in Indonesia’s Public Transportation
Indonesia has begun adopting electric-based public transportation as part of its efforts to reduce carbon emissions and improve air quality in urban areas.
One of the key initiatives is the use of Transjakarta electric buses, which began operating in 2022. Currently, around 30 electric buses are running in Jakarta, with an ambitious target to expand the fleet to over 10,000 electric buses by 2030. This initiative aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and lower greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector.
In addition to Transjakarta, DAMRI, the state-owned bus company, has also planned to introduce electric buses as part of its fleet modernization efforts. DAMRI plays a crucial role in providing intercity transportation and airport shuttle services, making its adoption of electric buses a significant step toward reducing carbon emissions across various regions in Indonesia.
Beyond electric buses, the ride-hailing sector is also transitioning to electric vehicles. Online transportation platforms have started encouraging their driver-partners to use electric vehicles, including both electric motorcycles and electric cars. This move aligns with government policies promoting the adoption of electric vehicles in public and commercial transportation. As more electric vehicles are used in ride-hailing services, fossil fuel consumption can be significantly reduced, especially in major cities with high mobility rates.
These initiatives demonstrate Indonesia’s growing commitment to integrating electric vehicles into its public transportation system. With the right policies and improved supporting infrastructure, electric vehicles can become an effective solution for creating a more environmentally friendly and sustainable transportation system.
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References :
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Kementerian Perhubungan Republik Indonesia. (2021). Kendaraan Listrik Masa Depan transportasi Indonesia. Retrieved from https://dephub.go.id/post/read/kendaraan-listrik-masa-depan-transportasi-indonesia# (Accessed: February 22nd, 2025).
Tasrih, A.M.N., Hananti, S.F., Alfa, C., Febriantina, D., Lokita, R.M., Charalambos, N., Hinayo, W. (2024). The Impact of Electric Vehicles in Reducing Carbon Emission in Metropolitan City. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen dan Bisnis, 10(2), 457-468. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17358/jabm.10.2.457.